JIIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina): Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan
JIIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina): Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan (P-ISSN 2502-647X & E-ISSN 2503-1902) is an open access and peer-reviewed journal of pharmaceutical published by Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan ISFI Banjarmasin twice a year (March and October) in both of print and online version. JIIS received articles related to issues in the field of Pharmacy. Articles should be original, unpublished, and not under review for possible publications in other journals. The incoming article will be reviewed by a team of JIIS editors from inside and outside Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan ISFI Banjarmasin. JIIS already indexed by Google Scholar, BASE Search, Indonesia OneSearch, SINTA, Garuda, Crossref. Users are allowed to access all content freely without asking prior permission from author or publisher.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan ISFI Banjarmasin
FORMULASI SEDIAAN SABUN PADAT FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN JERUK PURUT (Citrus hystrix) SEBAGAI ANTIMIKROBA
The kaffir lime plant (Citrus hystrix) contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins, which have antimicrobial activity. This study aims to determine whether the solid soap formulation of the ethyl acetate fraction of kaffir lime leaves possesses antimicrobial activity and to find the optimum concentration for this effect. The research employed an experimental laboratory method. Extraction and fractionation were conducted using various solvents, followed by antimicrobial activity testing. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 16 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, while there was no inhibition zone against Candida albicans. Solid soap formulations were made with concentration variations of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%, all meeting physical evaluation requirements. Antimicrobial testing of the solid soap against Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 10.5 mm at a 5% concentration. It can be concluded that all solid soap formulations of the ethyl acetate fraction of kaffir lime leaves demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the highest activity at a 5% concentration, resulting in a 10.5 mm inhibition zone.
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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTI JAMUR SEDIAAN SERUM EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PACAR (Impatiens balsamina L.) TERHADAP JAMUR Candida albicans SECARA IN VITRO
The normal flora on the scalp that can cause dandruff when excess oil is produced is Candida albicans. Chemical antifungal treatments for dandruff often cause side effects such as hair loss and headaches. Garden balsam leaves, which contain antifungal compounds like flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids, can be extracted and formulated into hair serum as a natural alternative. This study aims to analyze the physical properties of the extract and serum from water henna leaves and evaluate their antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The evaluation involved physical property tests and in vitro disc diffusion using 2% ketoconazole shampoo as a positive control and serum without extract as a negative control. Tested concentrations were 1%, 3%, and 5%. Standardization of the extract showed a thick, dark brown liquid with a characteristic odor, a yield of 36.66%, water-soluble extract content of 78.66%, ethanol-soluble extract content of 70.09%, and moisture content of 2.51%. The serum showed increased color intensity, spreadability (4.63–5.3 cm), adhesiveness (3.49–41.91 seconds), pH (5.74–8.78), and viscosity (1016.6–1417.6 cPs). No inhibition zones were observed in the extract, serum, or negative control, while the positive control showed a strong inhibition zone of 46.03 mm.
PREDIKTOR INDEPENDEN PERPANJANGAN INTERVAL QTc PADA PASIEN TUBERKULOSIS RESISTAN OBAT (TB-RO)
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains a global health challenge with suboptimal treatment success rates. Long-term treatment regimens in DR-TB patients may lead to cardiotoxic adverse effects, including QTc interval prolongation, which increases the risk of fatal arrhythmias such as torsades de pointes. This study aimed to analyze the independent predictors of QTc interval prolongation in patients with DR-TB receiving long-term treatment regimens. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from January 2021 to December 2023. A total of 100 eligible DR-TB patients were included. QTc prolongation was defined as ≥ 450 ms in males and ≥ 470 ms in females using Bazett’s or Fridericia’s correction. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney test and chi-square or Fisher’s exact. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was subsequently conducted to identify independent predictors of QTc interval prolongation. The results showed that 60% of patients experienced QTc interval prolongation. Multivariate analysis revealed that age ≥ 60 years (adjusted OR 6.94; 95% CI 1.34–35.98; p = 0.021) and diabetes mellitus (adjusted OR 8.76; 95% CI 2.99–25.68; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of QTc interval prolongation in patients with DR-TB receiving long-term treatment regimens. Diabetes mellitus was identified as the strongest independent risk factor in this study. These findings highlight the importance of cardiometabolic risk stratification and more intensive electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring in patients with these risk factors to improve treatment safety.
OPTIMASI FASE GERAK PADA KLT DAN IDENTIFIKASI METABOLIT SEKUNDER Ipomoea pes-caprae
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br traditionally used to treat pain, skin infections, inflammation, and rheumatic disorders. In vitro studies also reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial potential activities obtained from secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and alkaloids contained in Ipomoea pes-caprae. The purpose of this study is to optimize the mobile phase and identify secondary metabolite compounds of Ipomoea pes-caprae. The analysis used thin layer chromatography (TLC) in identifying compounds responsible for providing antioxidant activity with a spray reagent in the form of DPPH. The results showed the ideal of mobile phase, namely Chloroform: Ethyl Acetate: Methanol: Formic Acid (2: 7: 0.5: 0.5). Ethanol extract of 96% leaves has antioxidant activity with a DPPH spray reaction than ethyl acetate and N-hexane extracts. The metabolite profiles in samples with various specific reagents include the group of polyphenols, alkaloids and flavonoid compounds. Based on the results of the descriptive analysis, it was shown that the most dominant group of flavonoid compounds from ethanol extract was 96% of Ipomoea pes-caprae leaves, so it had a strong correlation with antioxidant activity.
IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA YANG BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI ANTIDIABETES PADA EKSTRAK ETANOL 30% DAUN KUMIS KUCING (Orthosiphon aristatus) HASIL KULTUR JARINGAN DAN BUDIDAYA
Orthosiphon aristatus ( cat's whiskers ) is traditional medicinal plant that contains many secondary metabolite compound such as flavonoids, phenolics acids, and diterpene derivatives and can be used to treat metabolic disorder including inflammation , urinary tract disorders and diabetes. This study aims to compare the secondary metabolite profile of 30% ethanol extract of cat's whiskers leaves from tissue culture and conventional cultivation. Extraction was carried out using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) method and the compounds were identified using Liquid Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The analysis results showed that there were 5 types of dominant compounds in the tissue culture extract, including rosmarinic acid (20.46%), malic acid (6.34%), quinic acid (5.52%), chicoric acid (4.52%), and vanillylmandelic acid (3.4%). The cultivated extract contained rosmarinic acid (11.36%), malic acid (4.7%), ferulic acid (9.46%), vanillylmandelic acid (4.95%), and methylmalonic acid (4.15%). The compounds epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), isoquercetin, quercitrin, and carmine were only detected in tissue culture. These results indicate that tissue culture techniques can influence the biosynthesis and accumulation of certain secondary metabolites in plants, thus potentially being used to produce high-quality raw materials in the development of phytopharmaka products.
KAJIAN SUHU REAKSI TERHADAP POLA SUBSTITUSI DAN HASIL SINTESIS DERIVAT KUERSETIN
Quercetin is a flavonoid compound with various pharmacological activities but has limited solubility and stability. The derivatization synthesis of quercetin through acylation with benzoyl chloride was carried out at temperatures of 25°C, 40°C, and 60°C using acetone as the solvent and pyridine as the catalyst. The reflux reaction for 12 hours produced mono-benzoylation characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), column chromatography, as well as UV-Vis and IR spectra confirming the presence of benzoyl groups on quercetin. The 60°C temperature resulted in multi-benzoylation substitution, indicated by two carbonyl bands at 1785.00 cm⁻¹ and 1742.36 cm⁻¹, along with the highest yield of 88%. Controlling the reaction temperature can direct a more selective substitution pattern and improve the efficiency of quercetin derivatization. Higher temperatures accelerate the reaction rate and promote multi-substitution, potentially affecting the biological activity of the product.
POTENSI ANTI-INFLAMASI DAN KADAR FLAVONOID TOTAL EKSTRAK ETIL ASETAT DAUN KOKANG (Lepisanthes amoena) YANG DIEVALUASI DENGAN METODE INHIBISI DENATURASI PROTEIN
Kokang (Lepisanthes amoena) is an endemic plant from Kalimantan traditionally used by the Dayak Tunjung community for skincare and wound treatment. Empirically, its leaves accelerate healing of skin problems such as acne scars and wounds within approximately two weeks. This research aimed to determine the total flavonoid content and evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of the ethyl acetate extract of L. amoena leaves using the protein denaturation inhibition assay. The total flavonoid content was quantified spectrophotometrically using the aluminum chloride method, expressed as quercetin equivalents (QE). Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring the inhibition of protein denaturation, with sodium diclofenac as a positive control, and IC₅₀ values were calculated to compare activity levels. The results showed that the yield of the ethyl acetate extract of L. amoena leaves was 1.77%, with a total flavonoid content of 143.496 mg QE/g extract, and that it exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 16.759 ppm. These findings scientifically support the traditional use of L. amoena leaves as an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing agent, highlighting their potential development for herbal or cosmeceutical formulations.
Overview of Community Knowledge on Hepatitis C Disease in the Pulo Gebang Public Housing Area, Cakung, East Jakarta
Hepatitis C is a virus infection of the liver that can lead to severe complications, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the existence of established principles, there remains a prevalence of erroneous comprehension within the populace regarding this subject. The possession of knowledge by the general population is of paramount importance in the efforts to prevent and control hepatitis C. The objective of this study is to ascertain the level of knowledge of the residents of Pulo Gebang Residential Complex in Cakung, Jakarta Timur, with regard to hepatitis C. The nature of the research is quantitative descriptive, with a quota sampling technique employed to determine the sample size. The total number of respondents included in the study was 96. The collection of data was achieved through the utilisation of a questionnaire. The findings indicate that the majority of respondents are female (76%), aged between 18 and 59 years (83.3%), have a secondary education (50.1%), and are not employed (56.2%). The level of knowledge of the respondents was categorised as follows: 47.9% of respondents demonstrated a satisfactory level of knowledge, 33.3% demonstrated an adequate level of knowledge, and 18.8% demonstrated an insufficient level of knowledge. Nevertheless, a misperception remains regarding the manner of transmission and the existence of a vaccine. It is imperative that education on the subject is sustained in order to enhance public awareness and understanding of hepatitis C.
ANALISIS HOMA TERHADAP RESISTENSI INSULIN DAN FUNGSISEL β PANKREAS PADA TIKUS WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus) MODEL DIABETES ALOKSAN SETELAH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK BONGGOLNANAS (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.)
Diabetes mellitus refers to a metabolic condition characterized by resistance to insulin and abnormalities in pancreatic β-cell function. Pineapple core (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is known to contain bioactive compounds with potential effects on glucose also insulin metabolism. This research aimed to analyze insulin sensitivity using HOMA-IR also HOMA-β in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) following administration of pineapple core (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) extract. This study employed an experimental laboratory design with a posttest-only control group. Male Wistar rats were induced with alloxan and divided into a control groups and treatment groups receiving graded doses of pineapple core (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) extract. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured using a glucometer, while plasma insulin levels were determined using the ELISA method. HOMA-IR and HOMA-β values were calculated to asses insulin sensitivity also pancreatic β- cell function. The results showed a significant difference in HOMA-IR and HOMA- β values between the negative control group and the high dose treatment group (100%) (treatment 3), with a p-value of 0.034. Pineapple core (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) extract has the potential to enhance pancreatic β-cell function and significantly improve insulin resistance based on HOMA-IR also HOMA-β parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats.
IMMUNOSTIMULANT EFFECTS OF PROPOLIS: A study of cytokine production
Propolis is a natural substance derived from bee resin and has long been used in traditional medicine because of its diverse bioactive compounds, especially flavonoids. This study aims to assess the immunostimulant effects of propolis on cytokine expression based on existing scientific research. A narrative review was conducted by collecting literature from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Initially, 48 articles were identified, and 15 articles that met the inclusion criteria were further analyzed. The results show that propolis has immunomodulatory activity through multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, reducing COX-2 expression, and suppressing nitric oxide (NO) production. Propolis also boosts macrophage activation, promotes phagocytosis, and increases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-2, and IFN-γ. However, under excessive inflammatory conditions, propolis decreases pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, indicating an adaptive immunoregulatory response. In conclusion, propolis has strong potential as a natural immunostimulant that works contextually according to the host’s immunological status and may be developed as a future herbal therapeutic agent.
ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS AND TREATMENT PHASES ON THE SEVERITY OF HEPATOTOXICITY DUE TO ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS
Hepatotoxicity caused by anti-tuberculosis drugs (OAT) is one of the adverse effects of tuberculosis therapy and may lead to liver dysfunction. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between age, gender, and treatment phase with the severity of OAT induced hepatotoxicity, as well as to assess factors influencing the increase in hepatotoxicity grade. This research employed a retrospective cross-sectional design and was conducted at Ulin Regional Hospital Banjarmasin using a total sampling method involving 45 tuberculosis patients. Secondary data were obtained from medical records of TB patients in 2024–2025. The results showed that 62.2% of patients were under 60 years old and 37.8% were over 60 years old. Male patients accounted for 75.6%, while females accounted for 24.4%. The distribution of hepatotoxicity grades was 40% normal, 28.9% grade 1, 20% grade 2, and 11.1% grade 3. Based on the treatment phase, 91.1% of patients were in the intensive phase and 8.9% were in the continuation phase. The Chi square test revealed no significant association between age, gender, or treatment phase and the severity of hepatotoxicity.
PEMANTAUAN PROSES EKSTRAKSI Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. DENGAN METODE REFRAKTOMETRI DAN GRAVIMETRI
Rapid in-process control (IPC) is essential in the extraction of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizomes to ensure quality consistency. Refractometry based on Total Soluble Solids (TSS) offers an efficient IPC alternative; however, its quantitative validity relative to gravimetric yield in hydroalcoholic matrices requires systematic verification. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between TSS profiles (°Brix) and total solids yield during the stepwise ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of C. xanthorrhiza rhizomes using 70% ethanol. Extraction was performed using a sonicator bath (40 kHz, 120 W) in a stepwise manner (E1-E12) with sampling intervals every 30 minutes up to 360 minutes. Physicochemical parameters were monitored via TSS values (°Brix) and compared with gravimetric total solids determination. The relationship between variables was analyzed using Spearman correlation and linear regression. The analysis demonstrated a strong Spearman correlation between °Brix values and yield (ρ = 0.984; p < 0.001). The linear regression model showed high predictive accuracy with an R² of 0.986, and low error rates (MAE = 0.09% and RMSE = 0.14%). A stable plateau phase was reached at stages E9-E12, achieving a maximum yield of 8.31% at a TSS value of 9.00 °Brix. The refractometric method is a valid, rapid, and reliable IPC tool for monitoring the ultrasonic extraction of C. xanthorrhiza, providing real-time yield estimation comparable to the conventional gravimetric method.
POTENSI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN PENETAPAN KADAR FENOLIK TOTAL EKSTRAK DAUN KRATOM (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI PELARUT
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a medicinal plant native to Southeast Asia that contains a wide range of secondary metabolites. The characteristics of medicinal plant extracts are strongly influenced by the type of solvent used during the extraction process, particularly with respect to phenolic compounds that play a key role in antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Mitragyna speciosa leaf extracts obtained using solvents with different degrees of polarity. Kratom leaves were extracted with water using the decoction method, as well as with 70% and 90% ethanol using the maceration method. Total phenolic content was determined by Spectrophotometer UV–Vis employing the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent with gallic acid as the standard, while antioxidant activity was assessed based on IC₅₀ values using the DPPH assay. The results showed that the total phenolic content of the water, 70% ethanol, and 90% ethanol extracts was 81.27 ± 0.13, 93.85 ± 0.07, and 99.21 ± 0.07 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. Antioxidant activity analysis revealed IC₅₀ values of 64.71 µg/mL for the water extract (strong antioxidant), 35.52 µg/mL for the 70% ethanol extract (very strong antioxidant), and 35.12 µg/mL for the 90% ethanol extract (very strong antioxidant). Based on these findings, the 90% ethanol extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content and the most potent antioxidant activity, indicating its potential for development as a natural antioxidant source derived from kratom leaves.
POTENSI ANTIATEROGENIK KOMBINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL RIMPANG KUNYIT DAN DAUN PEGAGAN DALAM MENURUNKAN RISIKO PENYAKIT KARDIOVASKULAR PADA MODEL HEWAN TIKUS OBES
Obesity is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, characterized by dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-atherogenic effects of a combination of ethanol extracts of turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) and gotu kola leaves (Centella asiatica) in obese–hyperlipidemic rats. Male rats were divided into seven groups: normal, induction, comparator (orlistat 10.8 mg/kgBW), and treatment groups receiving single and combined extracts (ERK, EDP, ERKDP 200:100, ERKDP 100:200 mg/kgBW). Obesity and hyperlipidemia were induced using a high-fat and fructose diet for 60 days. Parameters measured included body weight, lipid profile (TG, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol), Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), and aortic histology. The induction group showed significant increases in body weight, triglycerides, LDL, and AIP (P<0.05). All treatment groups significantly improved lipid profiles and reduced AIP compared to the induction group. The ERKDP 100:200 mg/kgBW combination showed the most optimal effect, with a 51.83% reduction in LDL, a 54.60% decrease in AIP, and a 146% increase in HDL. Histological analysis also demonstrated reduced foam cell formation and improved aortic structure in this group. In conclusion, the combination of turmeric and gotu kola extracts, particularly at a dose of 100:200 mg/kgBW, exhibits significant anti-atherogenic potential through lipid profile improvement, AIP reduction, and vascular protection.
POTENSI KOMBINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN DADAP SEREP (Erythrina subumbrans) DAN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica) DALAM MENURUNKAN RISIKO DISFUNGSI ENDOTEL PADA TIKUS DENGAN DIET TINGGI FRUKTOSA
Fructose has long been known as a sugar additive or sweetener, commonly found in soft drinks, pastries, and other processed foods. High levels of added sugar in the daily diet increase the risk of various metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance. Insulin resistance can lead to impaired endothelial function (endothelial dysfunction), which can lead to impaired vasodilation responses. Endothelial dysfunction can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, and other vascular diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the potential of a combination of dadap serep (Erythrina subumbrans) and pegagan (Centella asiatica) to reduce the risk of endothelial dysfunction (as measured by nitric oxide (NO) levels) triggered by high fructose consumption. This research method is an in vivo experimental preventive using 36 rats divided into normal group, induction group, comparison group of curcumin 9 mg/kgBW, test group 1 EEPDS 50:100 mg/kgBW, test group 2 EEPDS 100:100 mg/kgBW and test group 3 EEPDS 100:50 mg/kgBW. Measurement of NO levels using the Griess method, while insulin resistance examination was carried out using the insulin tolerance test method. The results showed that the combination group of EEPDS 100:50 mg/kgBW was the group that showed the most optimal effect in maintaining endothelial function and had the best insulin sensitivity. The conclusion of this study shows that the combination of EEPDS 100:50 mg/kgBW is effective in maintaining insulin sensitivity and maintaining endothelial function in rats.
PEMANFAATAN ULANG PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis) UNTUK APLIKASI BIOMEDIS MELALUI UJI IN VITRO ANTIBAKTERI, ANTIBIOFILM, DAN ANTIOKSIDAN
Elaeis guineensis fronds possess significant pharmacological potential, especially as antibiofilm and antioxidant. Previous studies have shown that E. guineensis contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids that function as antioxidants. This study aims to examine the pharmacological activity of E. guineensis fronds and their antibiofilm potential. Palm fronds were macerated with aceton for 5 days. Antibacterial evaluation was conducted on four types of bacteria, and antibiofilm assessment was performed on S. aureus and E. coli. Evaluation of E. guineensis extract antioxidant activity was carried out using antioxidant tests (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS). The results of the antibacterial test showed good activity against P. acnes bacteria. The results of the antibiofilm evaluation showed significant and concentration-dependent inhibitory activity at a concentration of 1%, especially in the mid-phase for S. aureus and the maturation phase for E. coli. However, effectiveness decreased in the eradication phase. The antioxidant test showed a value of 63.93 ppm in the ABTS test. E. guineensis extract has shown strong potential as an antibacterial against P. acnes and has potential as an antibiofilm and antioxidant.
UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KASTURI (Mangifera casturi Kosterm) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR ASAM URAT SECARA IN VIVO
Gout is a non-communicable disease whose prevalence continues to increase, particularly among the elderly. The treatment using medicinal plants has become widely known to the public, one of which involves kasturi leaves, which are known to contain flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins that are potentially effective as antihyperuricemic agents. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of extract of kasturi leaves in reducing uric acid levels in Mus musculus. The research employed a true experimental design with a pre-and post-test control group approach. A total of 25 mice were divided into five groups: a negative control group (Na-CMC 1%), a positive control group (allopurinol), and three treatment groups with extract doses of 3 mg/kgBW, 6 mg/kgBW, and 9 mg/kgBW. Hyperuricemia was induced using chicken liver for 7 days. Afterward, the extract was administered for another 7 days, and uric acid levels were measured before and after treatment using the Glucometer tool. The data were analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed that dose 1st reduced uric acid by 21.56%, dose 2nd by 27.15%, and dose 3th by 38.88%. Based on these findings, the ethanol extract of casturi leaves was proven effective in lowering uric acid levels and comparable to allopurinol. Statistically, dose III had a significantly different effect from the negative control and was not significantly different from allopurinol (p> 0.05). It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of casturi leaves at a dose of 9 mg/gBW has the most effective antihyperuricemic activity. The calculated ED50 value was 13.20 mg/gBW.
FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI NANOSPRAY GEL EKSTRAK ETANOL RIMPANG RUMPUT TEKI (Cyperus rotundus L.) TERHADAP Staphylococcus epidermidis DAN Cutibacterium acnes
Acne is a common inflammatory skin condition among teens and adults. Topical treatment with chemical agents often carries the risk of irritation and photosensitization. This has led to the exploration of natural alternatives such as Nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.), which possesses antibacterial activity. The objective of this study was to formulate a nanospray gel as a topical delivery system and to test the antibacterial activity of the formulation against S. epidermidis and C. acnes. Cyperus rotundus was extracted via maceration using 96% ethanol; antibacterial activity tests were conducted on both the extract and the formulation. The nanospray gel formulation was prepared with varying extract concentrations: F1 (1%), F2 (2%), and F3 (3%). Subsequently, transmittance tests, physical characterization, and antibacterial activity assessments were performed using the disk diffusion method. The inhibition percentages of the extracts against S. epidermidis and C. acnes at a 35% concentration were 86.14% and 92.11%, respectively. The transmittance test results for the formulations were 94.1%, 53%, and 56%, respectively. Particle size testing of F1 yielded 158.06 ± 4.60 nm with a zeta potential of -40.46 ± 2.1 mV. The antibacterial activity test results for C. acnes in formulations F1–F3 were 1.63 mm, 2.3 mm, and 2.23 mm, respectively. The characteristics of the nanospray formulations met quality standards; however, the antibacterial activity was still weak, necessitating optimization of the extraction process.
KARAKTERISASI FISIK LIP BALM DENGAN EKSTRAK BIJI KURMA SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN DAN PEWARNA ALAMI BUNGA BATAVIA
The growing demand for cosmetics within the community has spurred innovation in the use of herbal ingredients. Lip balm is one such cosmetic product that can benefit from the incorporation of natural components, including antioxidant compounds and natural dyes. This study aims to formulate a lip balm by integrating date seed extract as an antioxidant and batavia flower extract as a natural dye. The extraction process utilizes the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent, followed by assessing the antioxidant activity through the DPPH method. Variations in the concentration of batavia flower extract in the lip balm formulation are set at 1.2%, 2.5%, and 3.7%, with a fixed date seed extract concentration of 2.5%. The evaluation of the lip balm's quality includes organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, melting temperature tests, and pH tests. The antioxidant activity test on date seed extract yielded an IC50 value of 30.92 ppm, indicating a classification of strong antioxidant activity. The results for the three lip balm formulations exhibited consistent characteristics, including a pink color, a semi-solid consistency, a pH level range 6.5–6.7, and a melting point within the recommended range (52–57°C). In conclusion, the lip balm formulation incorporating date seed extract and batavia flower extract meets acceptable physical parameters for a lip balm product.
ANALISIS BIAYA PADA PASIEN GANGGUAN HORMON TIROID DI RUMAH SAKIT PUSAT ANGKATAN LAUT DR. RAMELAN SURABAYA
Thyroid hormone disorders, such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, are common endocrine diseases that impose a considerable economic burden. This study aimed to analyze the components of treatment costs among outpatients with thyroid hormone disorders at RSPAL Dr. Ramelan Surabaya and to examine the relationship between patient characteristics and total treatment costs. A cross-sectional design was employed from both patient and hospital perspectives, involving 86 outpatients during the period of May to July 2025. Data on direct medical costs were obtained from the hospital billing system and out-of-pocket expenses through patient interviews, while direct non-medical and indirect costs were collected through structured interviews. The results showed that most patients were female (69 patients; 80.23%) with a mean age of 42 years, and hyperthyroidism was the most common diagnosis (n=54). The total annual cost reached IDR 1,618,002,478, with an average of IDR 18,813,982 per patient. Direct medical costs represented the largest component, with laboratory examinations accounting for the highest expenditure (an average of IDR 8,245,814 per patient per year). Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between age (p=0.007) and BPJS insurance class (p=0.049) with direct medical costs, employment status (p=0.025) with direct non-medical costs, and both age (p=0.014) and employment status (p=0.000) with indirect costs. In conclusion, the treatment costs of thyroid disorders are predominantly driven by direct medical expenses, with variations influenced by age and insurance class.
FORMULASI DAN KARAKTERISASI NANO FITOSOM ANTIDIABETES DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH MENGKUDU (Morinda Citrifolia L.) DENGAN METODE HIDRASI LAPIS TIPIS
Diabetes mellitus causes high blood sugar levels due to pancreatic metabolic disorders. Noni fruit (Morinda Citrifolia L.) with xeronine content is used. This study created a New Drug Delivery System (NDDS) based on nanophytosomes to overcome blood glucose metabolism problems. Nanophytosomes encapsulate active substances from plant extracts (phytoconstituents) with lipids or phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine for easier absorption and use. This study examined the formulation results and the effects of cholesterol on noni fruit extract nanophytosomes. This study used a quasi-experimental design, one group posttest. Thin film hydration was used to create nanophytosomes with different cholesterol contents from noni fruit extract. The research formula meets the requirements with particle size results of 271.3-501.3 nm (p-0.24), polydispersity index of 0.614-1.902 nm (p-0.947), zeta potential -10.8 - (-21.7) mv (p-0.998), adsorption efficiency of 70.83%-92.66% (p-1.000), and non-spherical surface morphology. The evaluation results show that F2 with a cholesterol concentration of 1.5 g is a good formula because it has an adsorption efficiency of 92.66% and a fine particle size.
IDENTIFIKASI TURUNAN ASAM KARBOKSILAT AKAR Acalypha indica SEBAGAI KANDIDAT INHIBITOR GFAT MELALUI LC-HRMS DAN STUDI IN SILICO
Diabetes mellitus remains a major global health challenge, prompting the exploration of natural products as sources of safer antidiabetic agents. This study aimed to identify bioactive compounds from the roots of Acalypha indica and evaluate their potential as inhibitors of glutamine–fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), an enzyme involved in glucose metabolism. Compound profiling was conducted using liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), while the inhibitory potential against GFAT was assessed through in silico docking. This integrated approach has not been previously reported. Metabolite profiling using LC-HRMS tentatively identified thirteen carboxylic acid derivatives, including hydroxycinnamic acid, gluconic acid, trans-aconitic acid, and glucoheptonic acid. molecular docking analysis revealed strong binding affinities of several compounds toward GFAT. Glucoheptonic acid exhibited the lowest binding energy (−8.0 kcal/mol), followed by xylaric acid A (−7.9 kcal/mol) and trans-aconitic acid (−7.5 kcal/mol). These compounds interacted with key active-site residues Gln421, Ser420, Ser422, and Lys675, suggesting a potential enzyme inhibition mechanism. In silico pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that 2-hexylpentanedioic acid exhibited favorable ADME properties, with high gastrointestinal absorption, no major inhibition of CYP450, and low predicted acute toxicity risk. These findings highlight Acalypha indica roots as a promising source of bioactive carboxylic acid derivatives, with glucoheptonic acid emerging as the most promising candidate for further in vitro evaluation as a GFAT inhibitor
STANDARDISASI KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa paradisiaca L) SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENYEMBUH LUKA
Kepok banana peel (Musa paradisiaca) is an agricultural waste with great potential to be utilized as a raw material for traditional medicine. Several studies have demonstrated that kepok banana peel contains bioactive compounds that act as antioxidants, antibacterial agents, and accelerate the wound healing process. Standardization of the simplicia and extract is necessary to ensure quality, safety, and consistency of its effectiveness as a phytopharmaceutical. This study aims to standardize kepok banana peel through both specific and non-specific parameters. The extraction method employed in this research was sonication using ethanol as a solvent. The results showed that kepok banana peel contains active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Standardization tests on the simplicia powder of kepok banana peel included determination of water content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, ethanol-soluble extract, water-soluble extract, total plate count (TPC), yeast and mold count (YMC), and heavy metal contamination, with the following results: 10.34%; 9%; 2.25%; 0.06%; 6.91%; 10.26%; >3.0 × 10³ cfu/g; 5.7 × 10³; <0.001 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, the standardization results for the kepok banana peel extract were as follows: 9.57%; 11.19%; 0.07%; 0.26%; 21.68%; 22.53%; 4.6 × 10³ cfu/g; 8.2 × 10³; <0.001 mg/kg.
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HUBUNGAN KOMPLEKSITAS REGIMEN PENGOBATAN DENGAN KEPATUHAN PENGOBATAN PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 DI POLI PENYAKIT DALAM RSUD SULTAN SURIANSYAH BANJARMASIN
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that requires prevention and treatment to reduce the various consequences associated with poor glycemic control. Diabetes mellitus treatment aims to control blood sugar levels within normal limits, improve the patient's quality of life, and prevent complications. One factor contributing to non-adherence to treatment in diabetes mellitus patients is the complexity of the medication regimen. This study aimed to examine the level of medication regimen complexity, medication adherence, and the relationship between medication regimen complexity and medication adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the Internal Medicine Clinic of Sultan Suriansyah Hospital, Banjarmasin. This study used a cross-sectional design. Data were collected from August to September 2024, with 155 samples used in this study. The sampling method used a consecutive sampling technique. Medication regimen complexity (MRCI) data were obtained from prescriptions, while medication adherence data were collected using the Adherence to Refill Medication Scale (ARMS) questionnaire. The results of this study showed that the complexity of the patient's regimen was dominated by medications with a moderate level of complexity (75%, 48.4%). The results showed that the medication adherence rate was 61% of patients (39.4%). The correlation test showed an insignificant relationship between the complexity of the medication regimen and medication adherence, with a p value > 0.05 (0.139). Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the complexity of the medication regimen is not the main factor causing non-compliance in diabetes mellitus patients.
PENGARUH EKSTRAK BATANG AKAR KUNING (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) TERHADAP AKTIVITAS SEKSUAL MENCIT JANTAN (Mus musculus) SECARA IN VIVO
Disfungsi seksual merupakan masalah umum di kalangan banyak orang dewasa dan dapat diobati dengan mengonsumsi obat herbal. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai afrodisiak adalah Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas afrodisiak ekstrak etanol 70% dari Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) menggunakan uji in vivo. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji perilaku seksual mencit jantan pendekatan, menunggangi , dan kawin. Jumlah mencit percobaan adalah 25 pasang (25 mencit jantan dan 25 mencit betina) yang dibagi menjadi lima kelompok. Kelompok I (suspensi CMC-Na), kelompok II, III, dan IV masing-masing menggunakan ekstrak etanol 70% akar kuning (150 mg/kgBB, 200 mg/kgBB, dan 250 mg/kgBB), dan kelompok V (sildenafil 0,13 mg/20g BB tikus). Pengamatan dilakukan selama satu hari menggunakan kotak libidometer yang dilengkapi dengan CCTV, kipas angin, dan lampu merah. Data dianalisis menggunakan SPSS versi 25. Berdasarkan hasil, kelompok IV (250 mg/kgBB) merupakan dosis paling optimal karena menghasilkan efek afrodisiak tertinggi pada semua parameter dibandingkan dengan kelompok II (150 mg/kgBB) dan kelompok III (200 mg/kgBB). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 70% akar kuning (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) dapat meningkatkan efek afrodisiak.
COST UTILITY ANALYSIS PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELLITUS TIPE 2: INTEGRASI GULA DARAH, KOMORBIDITAS, BIAYA DAN KUALITAS HIDUP DALAM PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN KLINIS
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in Indonesia and imposes a significant burden on healthcare costs. This study aimed to perform a Cost Utility Analysis (CUA) among T2DM patients by integrating blood glucose levels, comorbidities, direct medical costs, and quality of life. The research applied a cross-sectional design with prospective data collection using a convenience sampling technique. Quality of life was measured using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire, while blood glucose levels, comorbidities, and direct medical costs were obtained from hospital medical records. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi-Square tests, Logistic Regression analysis, and calculation of the utility index. The results showed that 38% of patients had good quality of life and 62% had poor quality of life, with an average utility index score of 0.5175. Random blood glucose levels of ≥200 mg/dL were found in 56% of respondents, while 44% had levels <200 mg/dL. Comorbidities were present in 52% of patients, while 48% had none. The median direct medical cost was IDR 425,500, with 62% categorized as high-cost and 38% as low-cost. Bivariate analysis revealed significant relationships between comorbidities, blood glucose levels, and direct medical costs with quality of life (p < 0.05). However, multivariate analysis showed that only blood glucose levels remained significant (p = 0.006). In conclusion, the overall quality of life of T2DM patients was generally poor, and blood glucose control was identified as the most influential independent factor affecting quality of life.
EKSPLORASI HAMBATAN KEPATUHAN PENGOBATAN PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS DI PUSKESMAS: STUDI KUALITATIF
Medication adherence is a crucial factor in the successful management of diabetes mellitus, yet many studies show that adherence remains low and is shaped by multidimensional influences. This study aimed to explore barriers to medication adherence among patients with diabetes mellitus in primary health centers (Puskesmas) using the WHO five-domain adherence framework. A qualitative descriptive-exploratory design was applied. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with ten patients undergoing routine treatment at Puskesmas in Banjarmasin City, recruited through purposive sampling. Thematic analysis was performed guided by the WHO adherence model. Five major themes emerged. Social and economic factors included limited transportation costs, distance to the health center, and lack of family support. Health system and provider factors involved brief consultations, insufficient patient education, and long queues. Condition-related factors comprised the absence of immediate symptoms, fatigue from chronic illness, comorbidities, and psychological distress. Therapy-related factors included complex regimens, side effects, and discontinuation of therapy without consultation. Patient-related factors were characterized by forgetfulness, reliance on alternative medicine, fluctuating motivation, and feelings of boredom. These findings highlight that adherence barriers are multidimensional and result from the interaction of individual, social, and system-level determinants. Addressing adherence requires holistic and continuous interventions at the primary care level, with emphasis on patient education, family involvement, and strengthening the role of healthcare providers.
KARAKTERISTIK PARAMETER SPESIFIK DAN NON SPESIFIK DAUN KRATOM (Mitragyna speciosa Korh.) ASAL KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Standardization is a process of fulfilling the requirements for raw materials of traditional medicine, aimed at ensuring and maintaining safety, consistent quality, and efficacy. Kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) are a traditional medicinal plant found in the interior regions of Kalimantan. This plant functions as a source of energy due to its stimulant properties. This study aims to determine the standardization of kratom leaf extract simplicia, including both specific and non-specific parameters. The extraction method used in this study was maceration with ethanol. The results showed that the scientific name of kratom leaves is Mitragyna speciosa. The standardization of kratom leaf simplicia powder includes parameters such as loss on drying, total ash, water-insoluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, total microbial count (ALT), total yeast and mold count (AKK), and heavy metal contamination, with the following results: 9.5%; 5.51%; 3.58%; 0.39%; 6.9 × 10² cfu/g; >3.0 × 10³ cfu/g; <0.001 mg/kg. Meanwhile, the standardization of kratom leaf extract includes ash content and heavy metal contamination, with results of 6.06% and <0.001 mg/kg, respectively. The active compounds contained in the kratom leaf simplicia and extract are alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins.
IMPETIGO KONTAGIOSA BERAT PADA ANAK DENGAN ATOPI: LAPORAN KASUS DENGAN TINJAUAN FARMAKOLOGI
Impetigo is a superficial pyoderma caused by bacterial infection confined to the epidermis and is highly contagious, particularly among children under five years of age. It presents in two forms: bullous and non-bullous (contagious) impetigo. Severe cases in children with atopic dermatitis are rarely reported, although atopy increases susceptibility to infection due to impaired skin barrier function and alterations in the skin microbiome. The patient was hospitalized for five days under daily clinical observation and laboratory monitoring. Treatment included intravenous ampicillin–sulbactam, systemic dexamethasone, a topical fusidic acid–betamethasone combination, and 0.9% NaCl compresses were applied to the lesions. A two-year-old girl with a history of atopy presented with extensive, foul-smelling yellowish pus covering the entire scalp, accompanied by severe pruritus and pain. Yellow-brown crusted impetigo lesions were also observed across the body. Laboratory evaluation revealed mild leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance, and Gram staining demonstrated numerous Gram-positive cocci (+++). The therapeutic strategy aimed to control infection, suppress inflammation, and accelerate healing through a rational pharmacotherapeutic approach in accordance with CDC (2025) and IDSA (2014) guidelines. Dosage, duration, and adverse effects were collaboratively monitored by physicians and clinical pharmacists, accompanied by family education on hygiene and skin care to prevent recurrence. After five days of treatment, significant clinical improvement was observed, including reduced exudate, crusting, and pruritus. This report highlights the importance of comprehensive and collaborative pharmacotherapeutic approach and identification of recurrence risk factors in severe contagious impetigo with atopy to optimize treatment outcomes and patient quality of life.
PEMBUATAN, UJI FISIKOKIMIA DAN UJI STABILITAS MINYAK KELAPA (Cocos nucifera L.) RENDAH FREE FATTY ACIDS (FFA) DARI LIMBAH KULIT BUAH KELAPA (TESTA)
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important commodity for Indonesia’s economy, with testa (coconut seed coat) waste commonly found in traditional markets. A survey in Bandar Lampung revealed daily testa waste production of 13.5–18.0 kg. This study aimed to explore the potential of coconut testa oil through extraction and esterification processes. Extraction was performed using a fat extractor E-500 with n-hexane solvent at heating levels 2, 5, and 8, followed by esterification. The results showed that testa oil contained 1.36% free fatty acids (FFA). Physicochemical analysis using GC-MS demonstrated identical chromatogram peaks between testa oil and Brc oil, with saturated fatty acids bound as triglycerides. The unsaturated fatty acid content in testa oil (0.28%) was slightly higher than in Brc oil (0.27%). Accelerated Shelf Life Test (ASLT) predicted a shelf life of four months for testa oil. In conclusion, coconut testa oil has potential as a vegetable oil source with physicochemical characteristics comparable to Brc oil, although its unsaturated fatty acid content remains relatively low.